Temporal bone 3D models – an innovative approach in otologic surgical training
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34631/sporl.3124Keywords:
otology, surgical training, additive maunfacturing, 3D printing, 3D models, temporal bone, surgical simulation, surgical planningAbstract
Introduction: Temporal bone surgery requires high precision due to the complexity of its anatomy. Traditional surgical training with cadavers presents limitations such as scarcity of material, anatomical variability, and high costs. This study explores the use of personalized 3D models of the temporal bone from patients scheduled for otologic surgery as an innovative training tool.
Materials and Methods: Personalized 3D models were created from high-resolution CT scans of each patient’s ear and printed in resin (White V4, Formlabs 3+ printer). Surgical training was performed prior to the in vivo procedure. Subsequently, surgeons completed a questionnaire adapted from the Michigan Standard Simulation Experience Scale (MiSSES) to assess the model’s usefulness for surgical training.
Results: Eight models were used, covering procedures such as cochlear implantation, canalplasty, and tympanomastoidectomy. All respondents found the training useful, reporting increased surgical confidence and a potential reduction in complication rates. They also highlighted the realism of drilling and the usefulness of the model for hand–eye coordination training.
Conclusion: 3D temporal bone models represent a promising educational tool for otologic surgical training.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sofia Sousa Teles, Ana Claro, Lília Ferraria, Mariana Neto, Rafael Pires, Leonor Oliveira, Joana Dias, Ana Miguel Couto, Ricardo Nelas, João Totxi, David Marcelo, Luís Antunes, Eduardo Simões, Rodolfo Peralta, Daniel Nunes
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